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NASA Seeks $1 Billion for Nuclear Propulsion Plan
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Aerospace: Space agency will take a new look at developing technology, which foes fear would be used by military.

By PETER PAE
Times Staff Writer

February 7, 2002

After a 30-year hiatus, government rocket scientists want to resurrect efforts
to design a nuclear-powered propulsion system, a controversial concept crucial
to any program for human exploration of the solar system.

A $125-million initiative for developing the technology, which has frustrated
scientists and engineers since the 1950s, was quietly inserted into the
proposed fiscal 2003 NASA budget, which was unveiled this week. The space
agency's plan calls for a $1-billion program over five years, a project that
would include significant roles for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,
Glenn Research Center in Cleveland and Marshall Space Flight Center in
Huntsville, Ala.

The agency spent 13 years and more than $10 billion before concluding that the
technology was not technically feasible and abandoned the effort in 1972. NASA
scientists now hope that advances in nuclear reactors and rocket propulsion
systems as well as lessons learned from past failures will give the quest for
a nuclear rocket new life in the 21st century.

Such spaceships would have small nuclear reactors, which would give the
engines greater thrust and virtually unlimited fuel supply to travel to the
farthest reaches of the solar system.

Using nuclear technology would in theory slash a trip to Mars and back by
more than half from about two years to less than a year, for instance, and
alleviate lingering concerns with the health effects of long-duration space
travel, NASA officials said. Astronauts who occupied the former Soviet
operated Mir space station for months at a time suffered from muscle atrophy,
bone loss and other crippling effects of prolonged exposure to micro gravity.

With nuclear power, "missions will be able to speed through the outer reaches
of the solar system, at speeds as much as two times faster than is possible
even with the most sophisticated space probes available today," NASA
officials said in its budget proposal.

The technology will "allow NASA to consider more ambitious possibilities
involving missions that could travel from one interesting planet, moon or
comet to another for a close-up, in-depth study."

The proposed initiative was lauded by astronauts and astronomers but slammed
by antinuclear activists.

"We welcome the proposal to develop nuclear power and propulsion technology
to make the entire solar system more accessible with much shorter
flight-times and more powerful investigations of the planets," said Wesley
T. Huntress Jr., president of the Planetary Society. "These developments will
revolutionize space exploration in the same way that the Navy was
revolutionized by nuclear power."

But Bruce Gagnon, secretary for the Global Network Against Weapons & Nuclear
Power in Space, said that in addition to potential health concerns from
radiation exposure, the NASA initiative represents the Bush administration's
covert move to develop power systems for space-based weapons such as lasers
on satellites.

"It's our position that just like missile defense is a Trojan horse for the
Pentagon's real agenda for domination of space, NASA's nuclear rocket is a
Trojan horse for militarization of space," Gagnon said.

Donald Savage, a NASA spokesman, dismissed the argument.

"This is a solar system exploration program," he said. "This is a scientific
program and that's what we are involved in."

Still, sensitive to the criticism and safety concerns, NASA officials
stressed that the nuclear propulsion systems envisioned by the agency would
be used only for traveling through space outside Earth's orbit. They would
not be used for launching rockets into space.

In one possible scenario, the spacecraft would be assembled in space and the
reactors would be turned on only after leaving Earth's orbit. The reactor and
other components would be ferried into space by conventional rockets that
use chemicals such as hydrogen and oxygen for combustion.

Under the so-called Nuclear Systems Initiative, NASA proposes funding three
programs including developing nuclear power systems to power on-board
equipment such as sensors to survey planets and instruments to control the
craft and communicate with Earth.

Another major element would be to develop a nuclear propulsion system that
would use a small nuclear reactor to generate electricity and propel ionized
or plasma gas out of the rocket nozzle to provide thrust. The reactor would
produce enough heat to generate electricity and ionized gas.

One advantage of a nuclear propulsion system is that it can generate
significantly more energy for almost unlimited duration compared with a
conventional chemical combustion engine. A soft-drink can full of uranium,
for instance, yields 50 times the energy contained in the Space Shuttle's
massive external tank, according to NASA.

The reactor would be co-developed with the Department of Energy, which has
been looking for ways to maintain its know-how in nuclear power development.

More immediately, NASA envisions manufacturing new radioisotope
thermoelectric generators that would provide power for long-duration
exploration of Mars.

The system would allow the Mars Smart Lander, scheduled for launch in 2009,
to scout sites for future missions.

It would be able to operate on the surface for years instead of months. The
currently available solar cell system would become obscured by dust from the
planet's atmosphere.

NASA officials said a small, rudimentary nuclear electric propulsion system
has been used on exploratory spacecraft such as Deep Space One to help propel
it in conjunction with solar panels. But such systems would not be sufficient
for the kind of missions envisioned for the future.

But so far, developing nuclear powered rockets has been a frustrating
endeavor and has remained in the realm of artist's conceptual drawings.

It has not been for lack of trying, however. Even American rocket pioneer
Robert Goddard concluded as far back as in 1907 that nuclear propulsion would
be essential to interplanetary exploration.

Emboldened by how nuclear subs revolutionized naval warfare, aerospace
engineers began pursuing nuclear propulsion for rockets in earnest in the
1950s. And in 1959, NASA, with the then-Atomic Energy Commission, began a
program to develop a nuclear rocket. Known as the Nuclear Engine for Rocket
Vehicle Applications, the program eventually built and tested 20
nuclear-reactor rocket engines. The engines never produced the kind of
thrust they had hoped for, however.


Copyright (c) 2002, The Los Angeles Times